This wiki contains supplementary materials for the research article currently under review. This research is part of the PREDOSE project, which is an inter-disciplinary project between the Ohio Center of Excellence in Knowledge-enabled Computing (Kno.e.sis) and the Center for Interventions, Treatment and Addictions Research (CITAR) at Wright State University. PREDOSE is the acronym for PREscription Drug abuse Online Surveillance and Epidemiology.

Overview

While semantic search has become a viable alternative to classical keyword-based search, a review of existing semantic search techniques and semantic search engines (Hakia, DuckDuckGo) reveal a considerable misalignment between the mental model of a user's information need and the knowledge model developed to meet such needs. There is an assumption that assertions in ontologies provide sufficient coverage to appropriately interpret the user information need. Hence minimal (often inadequate) support is provided for interpreting additional elements (such as those that convey intensity, frequency, time intervals, etc), not necessarily modeled in ontologies. In reality, many complex search scenarios require a knowledge of such constructs and extend beyond the boundaries of ontologies altogether. In this work, we develop a context-free grammar that defines the query language interpretable by the our knowledge-aware system. In an evaluation against the popular search engine Google, a popular semantic search engine Hakia and a crowd-sourcing based search engine DuckDuckGo, our Knowledge-Aware Search system outperformed the state of the art in retrieving relevant documents for two complex information needs.

People

Delroy Cameron
Amit P. Sheth
Nishita Jaykumar
Gaurish Anand
Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan
Gary A. Smith

Framework

Our Knowledge-Aware Search Framework consists of three components: 1) a module for Query Interpretation; 2) text analytics for Document Annotation and 3) a Query Matcher.

Query Interpretation

Our module for query interpretation consists of: 1) a Knowledge Model and 2) The Context-Free Grammar

Knowledge Model

The Knowledge Model is the Drug Abuse Ontology (DAO - pronounced dow), which is the first ontology for prescription drug abuse ever created. An OWL version of the DAO is available online for browsing. In our Knowledge-Aware Search system, we interpret keywords according to the lexical/syntactic match between keywords and concept labels in the ontology. We then expand the query with labels and slang terms for the matching concepts (whether a Class or an Individual) and all labels and slangs terms from Subclasses of the given concepts in the ontology hierarchy.

NB: There is no novelty in our approach for ontology-based query interpretation, and we make no claims to that effect in this aspect of our work. Our novelty comes from demonstrating the limitations of ontology-based query interpretation for complex information needs, which often require background knowledge outside of the ontology. To illustrate this, we develop a context-free grammar to define the query language interpretable by the system, which includes information from: 1) the ontology; 2) lexicons; 3) lexicons combined with the ontology (lexico-ontology) and 4) the alphabet of the grammar. In the next section we present details on the grammar.

Context-Free Grammar and Query Language Specification

LEGEND

ALPHABET
ONTOLOGY
LEXICON
LEXICO-ONTOLOGY
EXAMPLES

Ubiquitous Nonterminals

EQUIVALENCE

>	greater than \| more than \| above \| in excess of \| slightly above \| little more \| bit more \| slightly more \| high \| higher \| highest \| higher than
<	less than \| lower than \| below \| in lack of \| slightly below \| little less \| bit less \| slightly less
=	exactly \| precisely
>=	greater than or equal to \| more than \| above \| in excess of \| slightly above \| little more \| bit more \| slightly more \| exactly \| precisely \| high \| higher \| highest \| higher than
<=	less than or equal to \| less than \| lower than \| below \| in lack of \| slightly below \| little less \| bit less \| slightly less \| exactly \| precisely

DEFINITIONS

NUMERIC_AMOUNT	-999.99 \| ... \| 0 \| ... \| 3-4 \| ... \| 24/7 \| 999
WORDED_AMOUNT	one \| once \| two \| twice \| three \| thrice \| four \| five \| six \| seven \| eight \| nine \| ten \| eleven \| twelve \| thirteen \| fourteen \| fifteen \| sixteen \| seventeen \| eighteen \| nineteen \| twenty \| thirty \| forty \| fifty \| sixty \| seventy \| eighty \| ninty \| hundred
NUMBER	0 \| 1 \| ... \| 100
AMOUNT	NUMBER \| WORDED_AMOUNT
RANGE	[0 - NUMBER] WORDS

N^S Nonterminals

Class Name	Class Source	Class Type
INTERVAL	Alphabet	Compound
FREQUENCY	Alphabet	Compound
DOSAGE	Alphabet	Compound
ENTITY	Ontology	Simple
ROA (Route-Of-Administration)	Lexicon/Ontology	Simple
DRUGFORM	Lexicon/Ontology	Simple
SIDEEFFECT	Lexicon/Ontology	Simple
EMOTION	Lexicon	Simple
PRONOUN	Lexicon	Simple
INTENSITY	Lexicon	Simple
SENTIMENT	Lexicon	Simple

Ontology Nonterminals

Buprenorphine	addnok \| bup \| bupe \| bupes \| bupey \| buprel \| buprenex \| buprenorphine \| buprenorphine analgesic \| buprenorphine opioid dependence \| buprenorphone \| buprigesic \| bups \| butrans \| film \| films \| morgesic \| norspan \| probuphine \| saboxine \| sobos \| strip \| strips \| sub \| subbies \| subox \| suboxene \| suboxone \| suboxone film \| suboxone tablet \| subs \| subutex \| tecs \| temgesic \| tex \| tidigesic \| xone
Heroin

Alphabet Nonterminals

INTERVAL

PAST_DETERMINER	ago \| prior \| previous \| since \| before \| last \| past
PRESENT_DETERMINER	now \| about \| around \| several \| couple \| every \| all \| this
FUTURE_DETERMINER	next \| later \| after
PERIOD	PAST_DETERMINER \| PRESENT_DETERMINER \| FUTURE_DETERMINER
TIME_INDICATOR
	HOUR	hour \| hours \| hr \| hrs
	MINUTE	minute \| minutes \| min \| mins
	SECOND	second \| seconds \| sec \| secs
DURATION_INDICATOR
	DECADE	decade \| decades
	YEAR	year \| years \| yr \| yrs \| annum
	MONTH	month \| months \| mth\| mths \| mo
	WEEK	week \| weeks\| wk \| wks
	DAY	day \| days \| night \| nights \| nite \| nites \| morning \| mornings \| mornin \| evening \| evenin \| evenings \| afternoon \| noon
DURATION_PERIOD	PAST_DETERMINER RANGE DURATION_INDICATOR	years ago, weeks prior
	PRESENT_DETERMINER RANGE DURATION_INDICATOR	weeks now
	FUTURE_DETERMINER RANGE DURATION_INDICATOR	weeks later, days after
PERIOD_DURATION	PAST_DETERMINER RANGE DURATION_INDICATOR	last year, previous day
	PRESENT_DETERMINER RANGE DURATION_INDICATOR	about a year, around a month
	FUTURE_DETERMINER RANGE DURATION_INDICATOR	later years, next day
TIME_PERIOD	TIME_INDICATOR RANGE PAST_DETERMINER	hours ago, minutes before
	TIME_INDICATOR RANGE PRESENT_DETERMINER	hours now
	TIME_INDICATOR RANGE FUTURE_DETERMINER	hours later, minutes after
PERIOD_TIME	PAST_DETERMINER RANGE TIME_INDICATOR	last hour
	PRESENT_DETERMINER RANGE TIME_INDICATOR	several hours, couple of minutes
	FUTURE_DETERMINER RANGE TIME_INDICATOR	next hour
AMOUNT_TIME_PERIOD	AMOUNT RANGE TIME_PAST_PERIOD	5 minutes ago
	AMOUNT RANGE TIME_PRESENT_PERIOD	10 hours now
	AMOUNT RANGE TIME_FUTURE_PERIOD	5 minutes later
AMOUNT_TIME	AMOUNT RANGE TIME_INDICATOR	15 seconds
PERIOD_AMOUNT_TIME	PAST_DETERMINER RANGE AMOUNT_TIME	last 2 hours, past 2 minutes
	PRESENT_DETERMINER RANGE AMOUNT_TIME	around 2 hours
	FUTURE_DETERMINER RANGE AMOUNT_TIME	next 15 seconds, after 2 minutes
AMOUNT_DURATION_PERIOD	AMOUNT RANGE DURATION_PAST_PERIOD	5 years ago
	AMOUNT RANGE DURATION_PRESENT_PERIOD	5 years now
	AMOUNT RANGE DURATION_FUTURE_PERIOD	5 years later, 9 months after
AMOUNT_DURATION	AMOUNT RANGE DURATION_INDICATOR	15 months
PERIOD_AMOUNT_DURATION	PAST_DETERMINER RANGE AMOUNT_DURATION	last 15 weeks, last 2 years
	PRESENT_DETERMINER RANGE AMOUNT_DURATION	about 3 monts, around five years
	FUTURE_DETERMINER RANGE AMOUNT_DURATION	next 15 weeks, after 2 years
INTERVAL	DURATION_PERIOD \| PERIOD_DURATION \| TIME_PERIOD \| PERIOD_TIME \| AMOUNT_TIME_PERIOD \| AMOUNT_TIME \| PERIOD_AMOUNT_TIME \| AMOUNT_DURATION_PERIOD \| AMOUNT_DURATION \| PERIOD_AMOUNT_DURATION

FREQUENCY

FREQUENCY_ITEM	hourly \| daily \| weekly \| bi-weekly \| biweekly \| monthly \| yearly \| annually
FREQUENCY_INDICATOR	times \| times a \| times an \| both times
PER_INDICATOR	per \| / \| FREQUENCY_INDICATOR
PER_SECOND	PER_INDICATOR RANGE SECOND	/second, times a second
PER_MINUTE	PER_INDICATOR RANGE MINUTE	per minute, /minute
PER_HOUR	PER_INDICATOR RANGE HOUR \| hourly	per hour, times an hour
PER_DAY	PER_INDICATOR RANGE DAY \| daily \| nightly	/ day, per day
PER_WEEK	PER_INDICATOR RANGE WEEK \| weekly, bi-weekly \| biweekly	per week, /week
PER_MONTH	PER_INDICATOR RANGE MONTH \| monthly \| bi-monthly \| bimonthly	/month, times a month
PER_YEAR	PER_INDICATOR RANGE YEAR \| yearly \| annually	per year, /year
PER_DECADE	PER_INDICATOR RANGE DECADE	times a year, per year
PER_TIMEINDICATOR	PER_SECOND \| PER_MINUTE \| PER_HOUR \| PER_DAY \| PER_WEEK \| PER_MONTH \| PER_YEAR \| PER_DECADE	per min, per hour, /min, /hour
PER_DURATION_INDICATOR	PER_INDICATOR RANGE DURATION_INDICATOR	per day, per week, /week, /month
AMOUNT_PER_TIME_INDICATOR	AMOUNT RANGE PER_TIME_INDICATOR	5 per min, per hour, 24 mg /min
AMOUNT_FREQUENCY	AMOUNT RANGE FREQUENCY_INDICATOR	5 times
AMOUNT_FREQUENCY_DURATION	AMOUNT_FREQUENCY RANGE DURATION_INDICATOR	5 times a day
FREQUENCY_DURATION	FREQUENCY_INDICATOR RANGE DURATION_INDICATOR	times a day
FREQUENCY_TIME	FREQUENCY_INDICATOR RANGE TIME_INDICATOR	times a hour
PERIOD_FREQUENCY_DURATION	PERIOD_DETERMINER RANGE FREQUENCY_INDICATOR	several times a day
PERIOD_FREQUENCY_TIME	PERIOD_DETERMINER RANGE FREQUENCY_TIME	several times a day
AMOUNT_FREQUENCY_TIME	AMOUNT RANGE FREQUENCY_TIME	several times a day
AMOUNT_PER_TIME	AMOUNT RANGE PER_TIME_INDICATOR	5 per min, per hour, 24 mg /min
AMOUNT_PER_DURATION	AMOUNT RANGE FREQUENCY_TIME	5 per day, 10 per week
FREQUENCY	PER_TIME_INDICATOR \| PER_DURATION_INDICATOR \| AMOUNT_FREQUENCY_DURATION \| PERIOD_FREQUENCY_DURATION \| PERIOD_FREQUENCY_TIME \| AMOUNT_FREQUENCY_TIME \| AMOUNT_PER_TIME \| AMOUNT_PER_DURATION \| FREQUENCY_ITEM

DOSAGE

CUBIC_CENTIMETER	cc \| ccs \| cubic c \| cubic cs \| cubic centimeter \| cubic centimeters \| cubic centimetres \| cubic centimetre \| cubic centi-meter \| cubic centi-meters \| cubic centi-metre \| cubic centi-metres
BAG	bag \| bags
POUND	lb \| lbs \| pound \| pounds
GRAM	g \| gs \| gm \| gms \| gram \| grams
MILLIGRAM	mg \| mgs \| milligram \| milligrams \| milli-gram \| milli-grams
MICROGRAM	ug \| ugs \| mcg \| mcgs \| microgram \| micrograms \| micro-gram \| micro-grams
KILOGRAM	kg \| kgs \| kilogram \| kilograms \| kilo-gram \| kilo-grams
LITER	litre \| litres \| liter \| liters
MILLILITER	ml \| mls \| millilitre \| millilitres \| milliliter \| milliliters \| milli-litre \| milli-litres \| milli-liter \| milli-liters
MICROLITER	mcl \| mcls \| microlitre \| microlitres \| microliter \| microliters \| micro-litre \| micro-litres \| micro-liter \| micro-liters
OUNCE	oz \| ozs \| ounce \| ounces
TABLET	tablet \| tablets \| tab \| tabs
UNIT	CUBIC_CENTIMETER \| BAG \| POUND \| GRAM \| MILLIGRAM \| MICROGRAM \| KILOGRAM \| LITER \| MILLILITER \| MICROLITER \| OUNCE \| TABLET
NUMERIC_AMOUNT_UNIT	NUMBER_AMOUNT \| UNIT	1-5 grams, 2 mcg
WORDED_NUMERIC_AMOUNT_UNIT	WORD_AMOUNT \| UNIT	hundred milligrams, one ecstasy tablet
DOSAGE	NUMERIC_AMOUNT_UNIT \| WORDED_NUMERIC_AMOUNT_UNIT

Lexicon Nonterminals

PRONOUN

DEMONSTRATIVE_PRONOUN	this \| that \| these \| those
PERSONAL_PRONOUN	i \| me \| you \| she \| her \| he \| him \| it \| we \| us \| they \| them
POSSESSIVE_PRONOUN	my \| our \| ours \| your \| yours \| his \| her \| hers \| its \| their \| theirs \| mine
REFLEXIVE_PRONOUN	myself \| ourselves \| yourself \| yourselves \| himself \| herself \| itself \| themselves
RELATIVE_PRONOUN	that \| which \| who \| whom \| whose \| whichever \| whoever \| whomever
INDEFINITE_PRONOUN	anybody \| anyone \| anything \| each \| either \| everybody \| everyone \| everything \| neither \| nobody \| no one \| nothing \| one \| somebody \| someone \| something \| both \| few \| many \| several \| all \| any \| most \| none \| some
INTERROGATIVE_PRONOUN	what \| who \| which \| whom \| whose

INTENSITY

LOW	low \| very low \| lower \| lower than \| lowest \| small \| very small \| smaller \| smaller than \| smallest \| less \| less than \| less is more \| least
AVERAGE	average \| ideal
HIGH	high \| very high \| higher \| highest \| large \| very large \| larger \| largest \| more \| most \| excess \| excessive

EMOTION

AFFECTION	adoration \| affection \| love \| fondness \| liking \| attraction \| caring \| tenderness \| compassion \| sentimentality \| lovin \| loving
LUST	arousal \| desire \| lust \| lusting \| passion \| infatuation
LONGING	longing
CHEERFULNESS	amused \| amusement \| bliss \| blithe \| cheerful \| cheerfulness \| gay \| gaiety \| glee \| gleeful \| glad \| gladness \| jolly \| jolliness \| jovial \| joviality \| joy \| joyful \| delight \| delightful \| enjoyed \| enjoyment \|happy \| happiness \|jubilation \| elated \| elation \| ecstasy \| euphoria \| satisfaction
ZEST	enthusiasm \| zeal \| zest \|excited \| exciting \| excitement \| thrill \| thrilling \| exhilaration \|
CONTENTMENT	contented \| contentedness \| Contentment \| pleasure \| satisfied \| satisfaction \| gratified \| gratification
PRIDE	pride \| proud \| prideful \| pridefulness \| triumph
OPTIMISM	eagerness \| expecting \| hope \| hopeful \| hoping \| hopefulness \| optimistic \| optimism
ENTHRALLMENT	enthrallment \| enthrall \| rapture
RELIEF	relief \| ease \| relaxation \| alleviation
SURPRISE	amazement \| amazed \| surprise \| surprised \| surprising \| astonished \| astonishment \| astounded \| unexpected
IRRITATION	aggravation \|irritation \| irritated \| irritating \| agitation \| annoyed \| annoyance \|disturbing \| grouchiness \| grumpiness
EXASPERATION	exasperation \| frustration
RAGE	anger \| rage \| outrage \| fury \| wrath \| hostility \| ferocity \| bitterness \| hate \| loathing \| scorn \| spite \| vengefulness \| dislike \| resentment \| vengeance
DISGUST	disgust \| revulsion \| contempt \| disgusting \| disgusted
ENVY	envy \| jealousy \| jealous \| envying
TORMENT	torment \| tormented
SUFFERING	aggravation \| irritation \| irritated \| irritating \| agitation \| annoyed \| annoyance \| disturbing \| grouchiness \| grumpiness \| suffer
DEPRESSION	depressed \| depression \| depressing \| cheerless \| despair \| despairing \| dejected \| hopelessness \| heartbroken \| brokenhearted \| heartbreak \| heartache \| gloom \| glumness \|sad \| sadness \| unhappy \| unhappiness \| grief \| sorrow \| woe \| misery \| melancholy
DISAPPOINTMENT	dismay \| disappointment \| disappointed \| disappointing \| displeasure \| letdown
SHAME	ashamed \| shame \| regret \| regretful \| regretting \| remorseful \| guilt \| remorse \| guilty
NEGLECT	alienation \| isolation \| neglect \| loneliness \| rejection \| homesickness \| defeat \| dejection \| insecurity \| embarrassment \| humiliation \| insult
SYMPATHY	pity \| sympathy \| compassion \| compassionate \| sympathizing \| sympathetic
HORROR	alarm \| shock \| hysteria \| mortification \| fear \| fright \| horror \| terror \| scare \| panic \| scared \| frightened \| fearful \| panicking \| panicked \| panicky
CONFUSE	confused \| confusing \| confusion \| confuse
DISCONTENTMENT	discontent \| discontented \| unsatisfied \| disgruntled \| displeased \| dissatisfied
EMBARRASSMENT	embarrassment \| embarrass \| embarrassed \| embarrassing \| abashment \| awkwardness \| abashed
FORGIVENESS	forgiveness \| forgive \| pardon \| forgiving
THANKFULNESS	thankfulness \| thankful \| appreciation \| gratitude \| gratefulness \| appreciative \| grateful
BLAME	blame \| blamed \| blaming
NERVOUSNESS	anxiety \| nervousness \| tenseness \| tension \| uneasiness \| worry \| anxious \| nervous \| tense \| uneasy \| worried \| worrying
LOVE	AFFECTION \| LUST \| LONGING
JOY	CHEERFULNESS \| ZEST \| CONTENTMENT \| PRIDE \| OPTIMISM \| ENTHRALLMENT \| RELIEF
ANGER	IRRITATION \| EXASPERATION \| RAGE \| DISGUST \| ENVY \| TORMENT
SADNESS	SUFFERING \| DEPRESSION \| DISAPPOINTMENT \| SHAME \| NEGLECT \| SYMPATHY
FEAR	HORROR \| NERVOUSNESS

SENTIMENT

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

Lexico-ontology Nonterminals

SIDEEFFECT

MILD	bruising \| itching \| itching of skin \| tingling \| tingling in arms \| tingling in hands \| tingling legs \| tingling in body parts \| burning in fingers \| burning in toes \| burning in feet \| burning in body parts \| changes in behavior \| cold \| cold hands \| cold feet \| numbing of hands \| numbing of feet \| numbing of fingers \| numbness of hands \| numbness in feet \| numbness in toes \| numbness in fingers \| nodding \| muscle pain \| muscle stiffness \| muscle cramps \| muscle weakness \| muscle aches \| muscle tenderness \| loss of appetite \| loss of thirst \| lightheadedness \| light-colored stool \| redness \| leg redness \| swelling of the eyelid \| redness of the eyelid \| light-colored bowel movement \| leg pain \| leg swelling \| leg tenderness \| lack of sweating \| lack of energy \| itching sensation \| burning sensation \| irritation at the site of application \| irritation at the injection site \| increased thirst \| increased sensitivity to light \| increased sensitivity to glare \| increased sensitivity to sun \| inability to pass gas \| inability to have a bowel movement \| ill effects \| hoarseness \| frequent urination \| frequent urge to urinate \| tiredness \| sore throat \| fertility problem \| pain in arm \| pain in leg \| pain in the back \| pain in side \| temporary blurred vision \| pain in stomach \| pain in the joints \| pain in the upper right part of the stomach \| fatigue \| feeling anxious \| aching pain in the hips \| aching pain in the groin \| difficulty doing exercise \| aching pain in the thighs \| swelling in the big toe \| pale stools \| dark stools \| black stools \| pale skin \| paleness \| paleness of tongue \| paleness of lips \| paleness of palms \| grayness of the lips \| grayness of the tongue \| grayness of palms \| peeling skin \| puking \| vomiting \| uncontrollable movements \| headache \| muscle contractions \| redness in the place where you applied the medication \| tenderness in the place where you applied the medication \| swelling in the place where you applied the medication \| pain in the place where you applied the medication \| warmth in the place where you applied the medication \| taste changes \| warmth in leg \| restlessness \| ringing in ears \| buzzing in ears \| buzzing in your ears \| rush \| sensitivity of the eyes to light \| sensitivity to light \| sickness \| symptoms \| sleeplessness \| slurred speech \| sore in the mouth \| sore in the jaw \| sore throat \| chills \| cough \| signs of infection \| stinging \| stomach cramps \| stomach pain \| stomach upset \| straining \| pain during bowel movements \|
MODERATE	blisters \| blistering \| skin blisters that are itchy \| skin blisters that are painful \| skin discoloration \| skin eruptions \| skin irritation \| yellowing of the skin \| peeling of skin \| blistering of skin \| blood in urine \| blood in stool \| bloody stool \| blue-green urine \| orange-colored urine \| red urine \| pink urine \| bluish skin color \| bluish-colored fingernails \| bluish-colored lips \| bluish-colored skin \| brown colored urine \| prickling \| blurred vision \| decreased vision \| vision problem \| blurry vision \| cloudy vision \| rash \| rash in skin \| lumps in skin \| numbness \| weakness in arms \| weakness in legs \| cellulitis \| change in vision \| changes in skin color \| changes in vision \| confusion \| pus \| swelling \| coughing up mucus \| coughing up material that is bright red \| dark colored urine \| nervousness \| noisy breathing \| high pitched breathing \| nausea \| nasal burning \| joint pain \| joint stiffness \| mood changes \| rage \| memory problem \| lower back pain \| loss of vision \| loss of consciousness \| joint aches \| infection \| infection of dialysis access \| pus filled areas of the skin \| infected filled areas of the scalp \| infected areas of skin \| redness of the eye \| swelling of the eye \| itching of the eye \| difficulty swallowing \| hot area on the skin \| red area on the skin \| swollen area on the skin \| throat tightness \| hives \| hallucination \| seeing things \| hearing voices \| flu-like symptoms \| fever \| faintness \| fainting \| eye pain \| easy bruising \| easy bleeding \| foul smelling vaginal discharge \| prolonged erection \| painful erection \| frequent erection \| flushing \| erection that lasts for hours \| painful erection of the penis \| ear pain \| drainage of pus in the mouth \| double vision \| dizziness \| painful urination \| difficulty urinating \| difficulty thinking clearly \| difficulty understanding reality \| difficulty speaking \| difficulty when urinating \| difficulty in seeing colors \| difficulty in seeing clearly \| difficulty falling asleep \| difficulty staying asleep \| difficulty urination \| decreased consciousness \| dark urine \| dark red spots in the mouth \| pain and swelling of the sinuses \| overactive reflexes \| swelling in joints \| pain when urinating \| weakness in body parts \| weakness in hands \| weakness in legs \| weakness in arms \| weakness in feet \| painful white patches in the mouth or throat \| vaginal infection \| vaginal itching \| hearing loss \| very severe pain at the injection site \| vision changes \| vision loss \| vomit that looks like coffee grounds \| yellow skin \| darkened skin \| yellowing of skin \| yellowing of eyes \| excessive weight loss \| rapid weight loss \| hemorrhoid \| rectal bleeding \| red blood in stool \| pus-filled bumps on the skin \| red scaly patches on the skin \| unexplained weight gain \| unusual bleeding \| unusual bruising \| swelling at the injection site \| redness at the injection site \| pain at the injection site \| blisters on the palms of the hands \| blisters on the soles of the feet \| redness the palms of the hands \| redness the soles of the feet \| pain the palms of the hands \| pain the soles of the feet \| swelling the palms of the hands \| swelling the soles of the feet \| upset stomach \| uncontrollable shaking \| uncontrollable face movement \| uncontrollable mouth movement \| uncontrollable jaw movement \| unpleasant taste \| unusual movements of the head \| unusual movements of the neck muscles \| unusual movements of face \| unusual movements of body that you cannot control \| unusual muscle weakness \| difficulty with muscle control \| unusual swelling of the face \| unusual tiredness or weakness \| oozing pus \| signs of skin infection in the place where you applied \| tightness in throat \| including status epilepticus \| swollen veins in the legs \| symptoms \| crusting of the skin \| swelling of the tongue \| swelling of the throat \| swelling of the inside of the nose \| swelling of the face \| swelling of the hands \| swelling of the arms \| swelling around the mouth \| swelling around the eyes \| swelling of the affected area \| swelling of the face \| swelling of the tongue \| swelling of the lips \| swelling of the throat \| swelling of the arms \| swelling of the hands \| swelling of the feet \| swelling of the ankles \| swelling of the lower legs
SEVERE	abnormal heartbeat \| bone pain \| chest pain \| chest discomfort \| chest tightness \| chills \| coma \| constant pain \| convulsions \| seizures \| coughing up blood \| irregular heartbeat \| fast heartbeat \| difficulty breathing \| angina \| severe chest pain \| increased in frequency of chest pain \| pounding heartbeat \| fast heartbeat \| fast heartbeat \| rapid heart rate \| rapid heartbeat \| rapid pulse \| irregular pulse \| problems with coordination \| problems with balance \| vomiting blood \| wheezing \| severe rash \| severe red skin rash \| unusual lump \| unusual mass \| trouble breathing \| thinking about killing \| thinking about harming \| severe abdominal pain \| severe diarrhea \| severe irritation of the skin \| severe itching \| severe burning \| shaking hands that you cannot control \| shortness of breath \| slow heart rate \| pulse less than 50 beats per minute \| slow heartbeat \| irregular heartbeat \| weak heartbeat \| swollen glands \| swollen glands in the neck \| swollen lymph nodes \| symptoms \| stroke \| sudden change or loss of vision \| sudden stomach pain \| severe stomach pain \| sudden weakness of an arm \| sudden numbness of an arm \| sudden numbness of leg \| sudden weakness of leg \| sudden weight gain \| sweating

ROA (Route-of-Administration)

ENTERAL	ate \| chewing \| drink \| eat \| insufflate \| plug \| plugged \| smoke \| smoked \| sniff \| snort
EPIDURAL	inject \| injected \| injection
INTRAARTERIAL	IV \| IVed \| IV’ed \| IVing \| IV’ing \| inject \| injected \| injection
INTRACARDIAC	inject \| injected \| injection
INTRACEREBRAL	inject \| injected \| injection
INTRADERMAL	IV \| IV’ed \| IVing \| inject \| injected \| injection \| sniff \| snort \| snorting \| bumping \| railing \| doozing
INTRAMUSCULAR	inject \| injected \| injection \| skin poppin
INTRAVENOUS	IV \| IVed \| IV’ed \| IVing \| IV’ing \| inject \| injected \| injection
INHALATIONAL	smoke \| smokes \| smoked \| smoking \| sniff \| sniffed \| sniffing \|snort \| snorted \| snorting \| bumping \| railing \| doozing
INTRAPERITONEAL	inject \| injected \| injection
INTRATHECAL	inject \| injected \| injection
INTRAOSSEOUS INFUSION	inject \| injected \| injection
NASAL	sniff \| snort \| snorting \| bumping \| railing \| doozing
PARENTERAL	inject \| injected \| injection
TRANSDERMAL	patch \| patches
TRANSMUCOSAL	snort \| snorted \| snorting \| sniff \| sniffed \| sniffing \| bumping \| railing \| doozing
TOPICAL	patch \| patches
SUBCUTANEOUS	inject \| injected \| injection

DRUGFORM

LIQUID	syrups \| elixirs \| suspensions \| ointment \| oral spray \| emulsions
SOLID	powder \| tablet \| tab \| pill \| pills \| tablets \| tabs \| capsules \| capsule \| caplets \| cap \| dry powder inhaler \| DPI \| paste

Template Pattern Productions

Knowledge-Aware-Search-Productions

Document Annotation

AQL

Knowledge-Aware-Search-AQL

Query Matcher

Demo & Live Web Application

PLEASE SELECT A RESOLUTION >720p TO WATCH THIS VIDEO
Knowledge Aware Search Live Demo

Evaluation

Knowledge-Aware-Search-Evaluation

Contact: Delroy Cameron

>	greater than \| more than \| above \| in excess of \| slightly above \| little more \| bit more \| slightly more \| high \| higher \| highest \| higher than
<	less than \| lower than \| below \| in lack of \| slightly below \| little less \| bit less \| slightly less
=	exactly \| precisely
>=	greater than or equal to \| more than \| above \| in excess of \| slightly above \| little more \| bit more \| slightly more \| exactly \| precisely \| high \| higher \| highest \| higher than
<=	less than or equal to \| less than \| lower than \| below \| in lack of \| slightly below \| little less \| bit less \| slightly less \| exactly \| precisely

Knowledge-Aware-Search

Contents

Overview

People

Framework

Query Interpretation

Knowledge Model

Context-Free Grammar and Query Language Specification

Ubiquitous Nonterminals

EQUIVALENCE

DEFINITIONS

N^S Nonterminals

Ontology Nonterminals

Alphabet Nonterminals

INTERVAL

FREQUENCY

DOSAGE

Lexicon Nonterminals

PRONOUN

INTENSITY

EMOTION

SENTIMENT

Lexico-ontology Nonterminals

SIDEEFFECT

ROA (Route-of-Administration)

DRUGFORM

Template Pattern Productions

Document Annotation

AQL

Query Matcher

Demo & Live Web Application

Evaluation

Navigation menu

Views

Personal tools

Navigation

Homepage

Search

Tools

Knowledge-Aware-Search

Contents

Overview

People

Framework

Query Interpretation

Knowledge Model

Context-Free Grammar and Query Language Specification

Ubiquitous Nonterminals

EQUIVALENCE

DEFINITIONS

NS Nonterminals

Ontology Nonterminals

Alphabet Nonterminals

INTERVAL

FREQUENCY

DOSAGE

Lexicon Nonterminals

PRONOUN

INTENSITY

EMOTION

SENTIMENT

Lexico-ontology Nonterminals

SIDEEFFECT

ROA (Route-of-Administration)

DRUGFORM

Template Pattern Productions

Document Annotation

AQL

Query Matcher

Demo & Live Web Application

Evaluation

Navigation menu

Search

N^S Nonterminals