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==Semantic Sensor Web==
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<br/>
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Millions of sensors around the globe currently collect avalanches of data about our environment. The rapid development and deployment of sensor technology involves many different types of sensors, both remote and in situ, with such diverse capabilities as range, modality, and maneuverability. It is possible today to utilize networks with multiple sensors to detect and identify objects of interest up close or from a great distance. The lack of integration and communication between these networks, however, often leaves this avalanche of data stovepiped and intensifies the existing problem of too much data and not enough knowledge.1 With a view to alleviating this glut, we propose that sensor data be annotated with semantic metadata to provide contextual information essential for situational awareness. In particular, we present an approach to annotating sensor data with spatial, temporal, and thematic semantic metadata. This technique builds on current standardization efforts within the W3C and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and extends them with semantic Web technologies to provide enhanced descriptions and access to sensor data.
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<strong>Semantic Sensor Web (SSW)</strong>
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<br/><br/>
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Millions of sensors around the globe currently collect avalanches of data about our environment. The rapid development and deployment of sensor technology involves many different types of sensors, both remote and in situ, with such diverse capabilities as range, modality, and maneuverability. It is possible today to utilize networks with multiple sensors to detect and identify objects of interest up close or from a great distance. The lack of integration and communication between these networks, however, often leaves this avalanche of data stovepiped and intensifies the existing problem of too much data and not enough knowledge. With a view to alleviating this glut, we propose that sensor data be annotated with semantic metadata to provide contextual information essential for situational awareness. In particular, we present an approach to annotating sensor data with spatial, temporal, and thematic semantic metadata. This technique builds on current standardization efforts within the W3C and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and extends them with semantic Web technologies to provide enhanced descriptions and access to sensor data.
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<br/><br/>
  
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==Collaborative Projects==
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==Research Topics==
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"[http://knoesis.org/research/semsci/application_domain/sem_sensor/projects/savig  SAVig: Sensor Aided Vigilance]"
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===Semantic Modeling and Annotation of Sensor Data===
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Ontologies and other semantic technologies can be key enabling technologies for sensor networks because they will improve semantic interoperability and intergration, as well as facilitate reasoning, classification and other types of assurance and automation not included in the OGC standards. A semantic sensor network will allow the network, its sensors and the resulting data to be organised, installed and managed, queried, understood and controlled through high-level specifications. Ontologies for sensors will provide a framework for describing sensors. These ontologies will allow classification and reasoning on the capabilities and measurements of sensors, provenance of measurements and may allow reasoning about individual sensors as well as reasoning about the connection of a number of sensors as a macroinstrument. The sensor ontologies will, to some degree, reflect the OGC standards and, given ontologies that can encode sensor descriptions, understanding how to map between the ontologies and OGC models is an important consideration. Semantic annotation of sensor descriptions and services that support sensor data exchange and sensor network management will serve a similar purpose as that espoused by semantic annotation of Web services. This research is conducted through the [http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/charter W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group (SSN-XG)] activity.
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===Semantic Sensor Observation Service===
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Sensor Observation Service (SOS) is a Web service specification defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) group in order to standardize the way sensors and sensor data are discovered and accessed on the Web. This standard goes a long way in providing interoperability between repositories of heterogeneous sensor data and applications that use this data. Many of these applications, however, are ill equipped at handling raw sensor data as provided by SOS and require actionable knowledge of the environment in order to be practically useful. There are two approaches to deal with this obstacle, make the applications smarter or make the data smarter. We propose the latter option and accomplish this by leveraging semantic technologies in order to provide and apply more meaningful representation of sensor data. More specifically, we are modeling the domain of sensors and sensor observations in a suite of ontologies, adding semantic annotations to the sensor data, using the ontology models to reason over sensor observations, and extending an open source SOS implementation with our semantic knowledge base. This semantically enabled SOS, or SemSOS, provides the ability to query high-level knowledge of the environment as well as low-level raw sensor data.
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===Perception and Analysis of Sensor Data===
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Currently, there are many sensors collecting information about our environment, leading to an overwhelming number of observations that must be analyzed and explained in order to achieve situation awareness. As perceptual beings, we are also constantly inundated with sensory data; yet we are able to make sense out of our environment with relative ease. This is due, in part, to the bi-directional information flow between our sensory organs and analytical brain. Drawing inspiration from cognitive models of perception, we can improve machine perception by allowing communication from processes that analyze observations to processes that generate observations. Such a perceptual system provides effective utilization of resources by decreasing the cost and number of observations needed for achieving situation awareness.
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* see also: [[Semantic Scalability Through Abstraction]]
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===[[Trust | Trust on Semantic Sensor Web]]===
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Trust and confidence are becoming key issues in diverse applications such as ecommerce, social networks, semantic sensor web, semantic web information retrieval systems, etc. Both humans and machines use some form of trust to make informed and reliable decisions before acting. In this work, we briefly review existing work on trust networks, pointing out some of its drawbacks. We then propose a local framework to explore two different kinds of trust among agents called referral trust and functional trust, that are modelled using local partial orders, to enable qualitative trust personalization. The proposed approach formalizes reasoning with trust, distinguishing between direct and inferred trust. It is also capable of dealing with general trust networks with cycles.
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===Analysis of Streaming Sensor Data===
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Sensors are increasingly being deployed for continuous monitoring of physical phenomena, resulting in avalanche of sensor data. Current sensor data streams provide summaries (e.g., min., max., avg.) of how phenomena change over time; however, such summaries are of little value to decision makers attempting to attain an insight or an intuitive awareness of the situation. Feature-streams, on the other hand, provide a higher-level of abstraction over the sensor data and provide actionable knowledge useful to the decision maker. This work presents an approach to generate feature-streams in real-time. This is accomplished through the application of ontological domain knowledge in order to integrate multiple, multimodal, heterogeneous low-level sensor data streams and infer the existence of real-world events like Blizzard, RainStorm etc. The generated feature-streams are publicly accessible on the Linked Open Data (LOD) Cloud.
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<br/><br/>
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==People==
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<strong>Faculty</strong>
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/amit Amit Sheth]
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* [http://cecs.wright.edu/people/faculty/tkprasad/ Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan (T. K. Prasad)]
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<strong>Researchers</strong>
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/students/cory/ Cory Henson] (Ph.D)
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/researchers/pramod/ Pramod Anantharam] (Ph.D)
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/researchers/pdesai/ Pratik Desai] (Ph.D)
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/researchers/michael/ Michael Cooney] (B.S.)
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<strong>Alumni</strong>
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* [http://knoesis.cs.wright.edu/aboutus/people?first=Joshua&last=Pschorr Josh Pschorr] (M.S.)
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/students/harshal/ Harshal Patni] (M.S.)
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<br/>
  
 
==Publications==
 
==Publications==
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*  Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Dharan K. Althuru, Cory A. Henson, and Amit P. Sheth, "[http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00474 A Local Qualitative Approach to Referral and Functional Trust]," In: Proceedings of the The 4th Indian International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IICAI-09), December 2009.
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<strong>2012</strong>
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* Cory Henson, Holger Neuhaus, Amit Sheth, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Rajkumar Buyya, "[http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00475 An Ontological Representation of Time Series Observations on the Semantic Sensor Web]," in Proceedings of 1st International Workshop on the Semantic Sensor Web 2009, collocated with the 6th European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2009), Herkalion, Greece, June 1, 2009
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* Cory Henson, Josh Pschorr,Amit Sheth, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, "[http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00596 SemSOS: Semantic Sensor Observation Service]," in Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2009), Baltimore, MD, May 18-22, 2009.
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* Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Cory Henson,Amit Sheth, "[http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00595 Situation Awareness via Abductive Reasoning for Semantic Sensor Data: A Preliminary Report]," in Proceedings of 2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2009), Baltimore, MD, May 18-22, 2009.
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* Giovani Rimon Abuaitah, Bin Wang, "[http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/CTS.2009.5067468 Trusted query in spatial and temporal correlated wireless sensor networks]," cts, pp.98-105, 2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems, 2009
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* Amit Sheth, Cory Henson and Satya S. Sahoo, "[http://knoesis1.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00311 Semantic Sensor Web]," IEEE Internet Computing.
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* Cory Henson, Amit Sheth, Prateek Jain, Josh Pschorr, Terry Rapoch, "[http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00211 Video on the Semantic Sensor Web]," W3C Video on the Web Workshop, December 12-13, 2007, San Jose, CA, and Brussels, Belgium.
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==Presentations==
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*[http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1700 Topical Anomaly Detection for Twitter Stream]
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**Pramod Anantharam, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Amit Sheth
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**In the Proceedings of ACM Web Science 2012, In Conjunction with NetSci 2012 Evanston, Illinois, June 22-24, 2012.
  
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*Amit Sheth delivers talk on Semantic Sensor Web at Advancing Digital Watersheds and Virtual Environmental Observatories II
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* [http://www.knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1682 Semantic Perception: Converting Sensory Observations to Abstractions]
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session of  AGU Fall Meeting, San Franscisco, December 17, 2008.
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** Cory Henson, Amit Sheth, and Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan
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** IEEE Internet Computing, Special Issue on Context-Aware Computing, March/April 2012
  
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*Amit Sheth delivers talk, "[http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/presentations/Semantic-Sensor-Web-Australia.ppt Semantic Sensor Web]" at ARC Research Network on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, ISSNIP, Melbourne, Australia, August 1, 2008.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=1659 The SSN Ontology of the W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group]
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** Michael Compton, Payam Barnaghi, Luis Bermudez, Raul Garcia-Castro, Oscar Corcho, Simon Cox, John Graybeal, Manfred Hauswirth, Cory Henson, Arthur Herzog, Vincent Huang, Krzysztof Janowicz, W. David Kelsey, Danh Le Phuoc, Laurent Lefort, Myriam Leggieri, Holger Neuhaus, Andriy Nikolov, Kevin Page, Alexandre Passant, Amit Sheth, Kerry Taylor
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** Journal of Web Semantics, 2012
  
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*Cory Henson delivers talk, "[http://knoesis.wright.edu/research/semsci/application_domain/sem_sensor/sem_tech_conf.ppt Semantic Sensor Web]" at the Semantic Technology Conference, May 18-22, 2008, San Jose, California.
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<strong>2011</strong>
  
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*Amit Sheth delivers invited talk, "[http://knoesis.wright.edu/projects/sensorweb/library/ssw_ogc-swe.ppt Semantic Sensor Web"] at the Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) WG of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) held in St. Louis, MO, March 26, 2008.
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* [http://www.knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1633 An Ontological Approach to Focusing Attention and Enhancing Machine Perception on the Web]
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** Cory Henson, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, and Amit Sheth
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** in Applied Ontology, 2011.
  
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*Amit Sheth delivers talk, "[http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.html?id=00216 Semantic Sensor Web]" at the Semantic Interoperability Community of Practice Special Conference, February 5, 2008, Falls Church, VA.
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* [http://www.knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1631 SECURE: Semantics Empowered resCUe Environment (Demonstration Paper)] ([http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHn9aCt9zQU demo])
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** Pratikkumar Desai, Cory Henson, Pramod Anantharam, Amit Sheth
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** in Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks (SSN 2011), co-located with the 10th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2011), 23-27 October 2011, Bonn, Germany.
  
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*Cory Henson delivers talk, "[http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.html?id=00217 Semantic Sensor Web]" at the Sensor Standards Harmonization WG Meeting, January 15, 2008, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=1585 Demonstration: Real-Time Semantic Analysis of Sensor Streams] ([http://knoesis1.wright.edu/EventStreams prototype], [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ews4w_eCpg demo])
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** Harshal Patni, Cory Henson, Michael Cooney, Amit Sheth, and Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan
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** in Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks (SSN 2011), co-located with the 10th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2011), 23-27 October 2011, Bonn, Germany.
  
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*Amit Sheth delivers talk, "[http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.html?id=00213 Video on the Semantic Sensor Web]" at the W3C Video on the Web Workshop, December 12-13, 2007, San Jose, CA, and Brussels, Belgium.
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* [http://www.knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1635 Semantic Sensor Network XG Final Report]
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** Laurent Lefort, Cory Henson, Kerry Taylor, Payam Barnaghi, Michael Compton, Oscar Corcho, Raul García Castro, John Graybeal, Arthur Herzog, Krzysztof Janowicz, Holger Neuhaus, Andriy Nikolov, and Kevin Page
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** W3C Incubator Group Report
  
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*Amit Sheth delivers talk, "[http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.html?id=00172 Semantic Web techniques empower perception and comprehension in Cyber Situational Awareness]" at the ARO Cyber Situational Awareness Workshop, November 14-15, 2007, Fairfax, VA.
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* [http://www.knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1546 Representation of Parsimonious Covering Theory in OWL-DL] ([http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1549 presentation])
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** Cory Henson, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Amit Sheth, and Pascal Hitzler
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** in Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on OWL: Experiences and Directions (OWLED 2011), San Francisco, CA, United States, June 5-6, 2011.
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* [http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1102 Trust Networks: Interpersonal, Sensor, and Social (invited paper)]
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** Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan and Pramod Anantharam
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** in Proceedings of 2011 International Conference on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2011),  pp. 13-21, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, May 23-27, 2011.
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* [http://www.knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1618 Real Time Semantic Analysis of Streaming Sensor Data]
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** Harshal Patni
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** Masters Thesis, Wright State University, 2011.
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<strong>2010</strong>
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=836 Trust Model for Semantic Sensor and Social Networks: A Preliminary Report]
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** Pramod Anantharam, Cory Henson, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan and Amit Sheth
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** in Proceedings of 2010 National Aerospace & Electronics Conference (NAECON), Dayton Ohio, July 14-16th, 2010
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=800 Provenance Aware Linked Sensor Data]
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** Harshal Patni, Satya S. Sahoo, Cory Henson, and Amit Sheth
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** in Proceedings of 2010 2nd Workshop on Trust and Privacy on the Social and Semantic Web, Co-located with ESWC, Heraklion Greece, 30th May - 03 June 2010.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=780 Linked Sensor Data]
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** Harshal Patni, Cory Henson, and Amit Sheth
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** in Proceedings of 2010 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2010), Chicago, IL, May 17-21, 2010.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=798 Some Trust Issues in Social Networks and Sensor Networks]
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** Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Pramod Anantharam, Cory Henson, and Amit Sheth
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** in Proceedings of 2010 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2010), Chicago, IL, May 17-21, 2010.
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* [http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=851 Sensor Discovery on Linked Data]
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** Joshua Pschorr, Cory Henson, Harshal Patni, and Amit P. Sheth
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** Kno.e.sis Technical Report, 2010.
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<strong>2009</strong>
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=1032 A Survey of the Semantic Specification of Sensors]
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** Michael Compton, Cory Henson, Laurent Lefort, Holger Neuhaus, and Amit Sheth
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** in Proceedings of the 8th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2009), 2nd International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks, 25-29 October 2009, Washington DC.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00474 A Local Qualitative Approach to Referral and Functional Trust]
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** Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Dharan Althuru, Cory Henson, and Amit Sheth
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** in Proceedings of the The 4th Indian International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IICAI-09), December 2009.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00475 An Ontological Representation of Time Series Observations on the Semantic Sensor Web]
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** Cory Henson, Holger Neuhaus, Amit Sheth, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, and Rajkumar Buyya
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** in Proceedings of the 2009 European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2009), Heraklion, Crete, Greece, June 1, 2009.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00596 SemSOS: Semantic Sensor Observation Service]
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** Cory Henson, Josh Pschorr, Amit Sheth, and Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan
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** in Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2009), Baltimore, MD, May 18-22, 2009.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00595 Situation Awareness via Abductive Reasoning for Semantic Sensor Data: A Preliminary Report]
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** Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, Cory Henson, and Amit Sheth
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** in Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2009), Baltimore, MD, May 18-22, 2009.
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* [http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/CTS.2009.5067468 Trusted query in spatial and temporal correlated wireless sensor networks]
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** Giovani Rimon Abuaitah and Bin Wang
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** in Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2009), Baltimore, MD, May 18-22, 2009.
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<strong>2008 (and earlier)</strong>
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00311 Semantic Sensor Web]
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** Amit Sheth, Cory Henson, and Satya Sahoo
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** IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 12, no. 4, July/August 2008, pp. 78-83.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00211 Video on the Semantic Sensor Web]
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** Cory Henson, Amit Sheth, Prateek Jain, Josh Pschorr, and Terry Rapoch
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** W3C Video on the Web Workshop, December 12-13, 2007, San Jose, CA, and Brussels, Belgium.
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<br/>
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==Presentations==
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*[http://www.knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1721 W3C Semantic Sensor Networks: Ontologies, Applications, and Future Directions] Cory Henson delivers plenary talk at the IERC AC4 Semantic Interoperability Workshop, Venice, Italy, June 19, 2012 (co-located with IoT Week 2012).
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*[http://www.knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1722 Semantics of Perception: Towards a Semantic Web Approach to Machine Perception] Cory Henson and Amit Sheth deliver invited talk at the Dagstuhl Seminar on Cognitive Approaches for the Semantic Web, Schloss Dagstuhl, May 28 - June 01, 2012.
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*[http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1708 Trust Networks] T. K. Prasad delivers a tutorial at the The 2012 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS 2012), Denver, Colorado, USA, May 21-25, 2012.
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*[http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1639 Trust Networks] T. K. Prasad delivers an invited talk at the 5th Indian International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Tumkur, India, December 14-16, 2011.
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*[http://www.slideshare.net/knoesis/secure-semantics-empowered-rescue-environment SECURE: Semantics Empowered resCUe EnviRonmEnt] Amit Sheth delivers a demo talk at the 4th International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks 2011 (SSN11), co-located with The 10th ISWC, Bonn, Germany.
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*[http://www.slideshare.net/knoesis/realtime-analysis-of-streaming-sensor-data Real-Time Analysis of Streaming Sensor Data] Amit Sheth delivers a demo talk at the 4th International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks 2011 (SSN11), co-located with The 10th ISWC, Bonn, Germany.
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*[http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1548 Active Perception over Machine and Citizen Sensing] Cory Henson delivers presentation at the 8th International Workshop on OWL: Experiences and Directions (OWLED 2011), San Francisco, CA, June 5-6, 2011.
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*[http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1549 Representation of Parsimonious Covering Theory in OWL-DL] Cory Henson delivers presentation at the 2011 Semantic Technology Conference, San Francisco, CA, June 5-9, 2011.
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*[http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=1103 Trust Networks: Interpersonal, Sensor, and Social] T. K. Prasad delivers the trust tutorial at International Conference on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2011), May 23-27, 2011.
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* [http://www.slideshare.net/knoesis/real-time-semantic-analysis-of-streaming-sensor-data Real-Time Analysis of Streaming Sensor Data] Harshal Patni delivers M.S. thesis defense at Wright State University, March 2011.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/download/trusted_perception_cycle.pptx Trusted Perception Cycle]
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/download/Sheth-SOCoP-Keynote-Dec03-10.pptx Spatial Semantics for Better Interoperability and Analysis: Challenges and Experiences in Building Semantically Rich Applications in Web 3.0]: Amit Sheth delivers talk at the 3rd Annual Spatial Ontology Community of Practice Workshop: Development, Implementation and Use of Geo-Spatial Ontologies and Semantics, 3 October 2010, USGS, Reston, VA.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/researchers/cory/presentations/F2F-demo.pptx Sensor Discovery on Semantic Sensor Web]: Cory Henson delivers talk at the first W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group (SSN-XG) Face-to-Face meeting, 25-29 October 2009, Washington DC.
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* [http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/wiki/Semantic_Markup_Draft_Deliverable Semantic Annotation of Sensor Data]: Cory Henson delivers talk at the first W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group (SSN-XG) Face-to-Face meeting, 25-29 October 2009, Washington DC.
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* Semantic Sensor Web: Amit Sheth delivers talk at Advancing Digital Watersheds and Virtual Environmental Observatories II session of  AGU Fall Meeting, San Franscisco, December 17, 2008.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/presentations/Semantic-Sensor-Web-Australia.ppt Semantic Sensor Web]: Amit Sheth delivers talk at ARC Research Network on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, ISSNIP, Melbourne, Australia, August 1, 2008.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/research/semsci/application_domain/sem_sensor/sem_tech_conf.ppt Semantic Sensor Web]: Cory Henson delivers talk at the Semantic Technology Conference, May 18-22, 2008, San Jose, California.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/projects/sensorweb/library/ssw_ogc-swe.ppt Semantic Sensor Web]: Amit Sheth delivers invited talk at the Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) WG of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) held in St. Louis, MO, March 26, 2008.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.html?id=00216 Semantic Sensor Web]: Amit Sheth delivers talk at the Semantic Interoperability Community of Practice Special Conference, February 5, 2008, Falls Church, VA.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.html?id=00217 Semantic Sensor Web]: Cory Henson delivers talk at the Sensor Standards Harmonization WG Meeting, January 15, 2008, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.html?id=00211 Video on the Semantic Sensor Web]: Amit Sheth delivers talk at the W3C Video on the Web Workshop, December 12-13, 2007, San Jose, CA, and Brussels, Belgium.
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* [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.html?id=00172 Semantic Web techniques empower perception and comprehension in Cyber Situational Awareness]: Amit Sheth delivers talk at the ARO Cyber Situational Awareness Workshop, November 14-15, 2007, Fairfax, VA.
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<br/>
  
 
==Ontologies and Datasets==
 
==Ontologies and Datasets==
 
<UL>
 
<UL>
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<LI>[[SSW Ontology]]</LI>
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<LI>[http://knoesis.wright.edu/research/semsci/application_domain/sem_sensor/ont/sensor-observation.owl SSW Ontology]</LI>
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<LI>[[SSW Datasets]]</LI>
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<LI>[[LinkedSensorData]]</LI>
 
</UL>
 
</UL>
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<br/>
  
 
==Prototypes, Demos and Tools==
 
==Prototypes, Demos and Tools==
 
<UL>
 
<UL>
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<LI>
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<LI>Sensor Discovery On Linked Data: [http://knoesis1.wright.edu/SSW_NEW_BETA/ prototype]</LI>
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<strong>SECURE - Semantics Empowered Rescue Environment: </strong>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=in2KMkD_uqg demo]<br/>This demo is a Semantic Web research effort towards a Physical-Cyber-Social system that uses background knowledge on the web, and an ontology of perception, to reason over the sensor observations generated by a mobile robot.
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<LI>Semantic Sensor Observation Service (MesoWest): [http://knoesis.wright.edu/researchers/cory/demos/ssos_demo/ssos_demo.htm demo]</LI>
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</LI>
−
<LI>Semantic Sensor Observation Service (Buckeye Traffic): [http://knoesis.wright.edu/research/semsci/application_domain/sem_sensor/afrl/demo/ssw.html demo]</LI>
+
<LI>
−
<LI>Video on the Semantic Sensor Web: [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/demos/ssw/prototype.htm demo]</LI>
+
<strong>Real Time Feature Streams: </strong>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ews4w_eCpg demo]<br/>Real Time Feature Streams focuses on reasoning over lower-level raw sensor data streams to detect higher-level abstractions called features (a concept that represents a real world entity like Blizzard, RainStorm etc) in real-time. The feature-streams are added to the Linked Open Data Cloud (LOD).Main contributions involve -
 +
(1). Integration of multiple, multimodal, heterogeneous “low-level” sensor data streams to generate “high-level” feature streams.
 +
(2). The summarization is across the thematic dimension involving multiple data streams and the use of background knowledge as opposed to summarizations of single streams across temporal dimension (like min,max,average etc).
 +
</LI>
 +
<LI>
 +
<strong>Trusted Perception Cycle: </strong>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTxzghCjGgU demo]<br/>This demo helps in visualizing the perception cycle (abductive inference) and reputation values computed for weather stations over a period of six days. Various features inferred from raw sensor data using the perception cycle are depicted with different colors of the bars and height of the bar represents the reputation value of each weather station. The demo shows all the inferred features and the way in which the reputation computation converges. Main contributions include: (1) Development and formalization of perception cycle (2) Implementation of a reputation system which used beta-pdf distribution to compute trust values.
 +
</LI>
 +
<LI>
 +
<strong>Sensor Discovery On Linked Data: </strong>[http://archive.knoesis.org/projects/sensorweb/demos/sensor_discovery_on_lod/sample.htm demo]<br/>This application provides ability to search for sensors based on location names rather than location coordinates. Main contributions include: (1) large sensor description dataset (> 20,000 weather stations) with links to "nearby" locations described in Geonames.org dataset, (2) large sensor observation dataset (> 1.7 billion triples) with links to sensor dataset, (3) both datasets openly available on LOD, (4) extend SemSOS (described above) to semantically annotate SOS GetCapabilities document with model references to Geonames locations.
 +
</LI>
 +
<LI>
 +
<strong>Semantic Sensor Observation Service (MesoWest): </strong>[http://archive.knoesis.org/projects/sensorweb/demos/semsos_mesowest/ssos_demo.htm demo]<br/>SemSOS is an extension of SOS to allow SOS queries and access to an ontological knowledgebase. Main contributions include: (1) sensor/observation ontology based on Observations and Measurements (O&M), (2) semantic annotation of O&M and SML documents, (2) mappings and translation scripts to convert O&M and SML into RDF (and vice-versa), (3) rule-based reasoning to infer events from low-level sensor data, (4) query translation from SOS format into SPARQL.</LI>
 +
<LI>
 +
<strong>Semantic Sensor Observation Service (Buckeye Traffic): </strong>[http://archive.knoesis.org/projects/sensorweb/demos/semsos_buckeye/ssw.html demo]
 +
</LI>
 +
<LI><strong>Video on the Semantic Sensor Web: </strong>[http://archive.knoesis.org/projects/sensorweb/demos/video_on_ssw/prototype.htm demo]
 +
</LI>
 
</UL>
 
</UL>
 +
<br/>
 +
 +
==Related Material==
 +
===Computing for Human Experience===
 +
* Semantics-Empowered Sensors, Services, and Social Computing on the Ubiquitous Web (Amit Sheth's [http://wiki.knoesis.org/index.php/Computing_For_Human_Experience article], [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00353 keynote presentation/video])
 +
* Citizen sensing and Social Signals (Amit Sheth's [http://amitsheth.blogspot.com/2009/06/citizen-sensing-social-signals-and.html blog],  [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00158 article], [http://knoesis.wright.edu/library/resource.php?id=00702 keynote presentation])
 +
<br/>
  
 +
Contact Information: [http://knoesis.org/researchers/cory/ Cory Henson] <br/>
  
−
Contact Information: [http://knoesis.org/researchers/cory/ Cory Henson]
+
[[Image:QR-SSW.png|100px|alt=QR code for SSW project|QR code for SSW project]]

Latest revision as of 00:33, 16 June 2021


Semantic Sensor Web (SSW)

Millions of sensors around the globe currently collect avalanches of data about our environment. The rapid development and deployment of sensor technology involves many different types of sensors, both remote and in situ, with such diverse capabilities as range, modality, and maneuverability. It is possible today to utilize networks with multiple sensors to detect and identify objects of interest up close or from a great distance. The lack of integration and communication between these networks, however, often leaves this avalanche of data stovepiped and intensifies the existing problem of too much data and not enough knowledge. With a view to alleviating this glut, we propose that sensor data be annotated with semantic metadata to provide contextual information essential for situational awareness. In particular, we present an approach to annotating sensor data with spatial, temporal, and thematic semantic metadata. This technique builds on current standardization efforts within the W3C and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and extends them with semantic Web technologies to provide enhanced descriptions and access to sensor data.

Research Topics

Semantic Modeling and Annotation of Sensor Data

Ontologies and other semantic technologies can be key enabling technologies for sensor networks because they will improve semantic interoperability and intergration, as well as facilitate reasoning, classification and other types of assurance and automation not included in the OGC standards. A semantic sensor network will allow the network, its sensors and the resulting data to be organised, installed and managed, queried, understood and controlled through high-level specifications. Ontologies for sensors will provide a framework for describing sensors. These ontologies will allow classification and reasoning on the capabilities and measurements of sensors, provenance of measurements and may allow reasoning about individual sensors as well as reasoning about the connection of a number of sensors as a macroinstrument. The sensor ontologies will, to some degree, reflect the OGC standards and, given ontologies that can encode sensor descriptions, understanding how to map between the ontologies and OGC models is an important consideration. Semantic annotation of sensor descriptions and services that support sensor data exchange and sensor network management will serve a similar purpose as that espoused by semantic annotation of Web services. This research is conducted through the W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group (SSN-XG) activity.

Semantic Sensor Observation Service

Sensor Observation Service (SOS) is a Web service specification defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) group in order to standardize the way sensors and sensor data are discovered and accessed on the Web. This standard goes a long way in providing interoperability between repositories of heterogeneous sensor data and applications that use this data. Many of these applications, however, are ill equipped at handling raw sensor data as provided by SOS and require actionable knowledge of the environment in order to be practically useful. There are two approaches to deal with this obstacle, make the applications smarter or make the data smarter. We propose the latter option and accomplish this by leveraging semantic technologies in order to provide and apply more meaningful representation of sensor data. More specifically, we are modeling the domain of sensors and sensor observations in a suite of ontologies, adding semantic annotations to the sensor data, using the ontology models to reason over sensor observations, and extending an open source SOS implementation with our semantic knowledge base. This semantically enabled SOS, or SemSOS, provides the ability to query high-level knowledge of the environment as well as low-level raw sensor data.

Perception and Analysis of Sensor Data

Currently, there are many sensors collecting information about our environment, leading to an overwhelming number of observations that must be analyzed and explained in order to achieve situation awareness. As perceptual beings, we are also constantly inundated with sensory data; yet we are able to make sense out of our environment with relative ease. This is due, in part, to the bi-directional information flow between our sensory organs and analytical brain. Drawing inspiration from cognitive models of perception, we can improve machine perception by allowing communication from processes that analyze observations to processes that generate observations. Such a perceptual system provides effective utilization of resources by decreasing the cost and number of observations needed for achieving situation awareness.

Trust on Semantic Sensor Web

Trust and confidence are becoming key issues in diverse applications such as ecommerce, social networks, semantic sensor web, semantic web information retrieval systems, etc. Both humans and machines use some form of trust to make informed and reliable decisions before acting. In this work, we briefly review existing work on trust networks, pointing out some of its drawbacks. We then propose a local framework to explore two different kinds of trust among agents called referral trust and functional trust, that are modelled using local partial orders, to enable qualitative trust personalization. The proposed approach formalizes reasoning with trust, distinguishing between direct and inferred trust. It is also capable of dealing with general trust networks with cycles.

Analysis of Streaming Sensor Data

Sensors are increasingly being deployed for continuous monitoring of physical phenomena, resulting in avalanche of sensor data. Current sensor data streams provide summaries (e.g., min., max., avg.) of how phenomena change over time; however, such summaries are of little value to decision makers attempting to attain an insight or an intuitive awareness of the situation. Feature-streams, on the other hand, provide a higher-level of abstraction over the sensor data and provide actionable knowledge useful to the decision maker. This work presents an approach to generate feature-streams in real-time. This is accomplished through the application of ontological domain knowledge in order to integrate multiple, multimodal, heterogeneous low-level sensor data streams and infer the existence of real-world events like Blizzard, RainStorm etc. The generated feature-streams are publicly accessible on the Linked Open Data (LOD) Cloud.

People

Faculty

Researchers

Alumni


Publications

2012

  • The SSN Ontology of the W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group
    • Michael Compton, Payam Barnaghi, Luis Bermudez, Raul Garcia-Castro, Oscar Corcho, Simon Cox, John Graybeal, Manfred Hauswirth, Cory Henson, Arthur Herzog, Vincent Huang, Krzysztof Janowicz, W. David Kelsey, Danh Le Phuoc, Laurent Lefort, Myriam Leggieri, Holger Neuhaus, Andriy Nikolov, Kevin Page, Alexandre Passant, Amit Sheth, Kerry Taylor
    • Journal of Web Semantics, 2012

2011

  • Demonstration: Real-Time Semantic Analysis of Sensor Streams (prototype, demo)
    • Harshal Patni, Cory Henson, Michael Cooney, Amit Sheth, and Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan
    • in Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks (SSN 2011), co-located with the 10th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2011), 23-27 October 2011, Bonn, Germany.
  • Semantic Sensor Network XG Final Report
    • Laurent Lefort, Cory Henson, Kerry Taylor, Payam Barnaghi, Michael Compton, Oscar Corcho, Raul García Castro, John Graybeal, Arthur Herzog, Krzysztof Janowicz, Holger Neuhaus, Andriy Nikolov, and Kevin Page
    • W3C Incubator Group Report

2010

  • Provenance Aware Linked Sensor Data
    • Harshal Patni, Satya S. Sahoo, Cory Henson, and Amit Sheth
    • in Proceedings of 2010 2nd Workshop on Trust and Privacy on the Social and Semantic Web, Co-located with ESWC, Heraklion Greece, 30th May - 03 June 2010.
  • Linked Sensor Data
    • Harshal Patni, Cory Henson, and Amit Sheth
    • in Proceedings of 2010 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2010), Chicago, IL, May 17-21, 2010.

2009

  • A Survey of the Semantic Specification of Sensors
    • Michael Compton, Cory Henson, Laurent Lefort, Holger Neuhaus, and Amit Sheth
    • in Proceedings of the 8th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2009), 2nd International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks, 25-29 October 2009, Washington DC.
  • SemSOS: Semantic Sensor Observation Service
    • Cory Henson, Josh Pschorr, Amit Sheth, and Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan
    • in Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2009), Baltimore, MD, May 18-22, 2009.

2008 (and earlier)

  • Semantic Sensor Web
    • Amit Sheth, Cory Henson, and Satya Sahoo
    • IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 12, no. 4, July/August 2008, pp. 78-83.
  • Video on the Semantic Sensor Web
    • Cory Henson, Amit Sheth, Prateek Jain, Josh Pschorr, and Terry Rapoch
    • W3C Video on the Web Workshop, December 12-13, 2007, San Jose, CA, and Brussels, Belgium.


Presentations


Ontologies and Datasets


Prototypes, Demos and Tools

  • SECURE - Semantics Empowered Rescue Environment: demo
    This demo is a Semantic Web research effort towards a Physical-Cyber-Social system that uses background knowledge on the web, and an ontology of perception, to reason over the sensor observations generated by a mobile robot.
  • Real Time Feature Streams: demo
    Real Time Feature Streams focuses on reasoning over lower-level raw sensor data streams to detect higher-level abstractions called features (a concept that represents a real world entity like Blizzard, RainStorm etc) in real-time. The feature-streams are added to the Linked Open Data Cloud (LOD).Main contributions involve - (1). Integration of multiple, multimodal, heterogeneous “low-level” sensor data streams to generate “high-level” feature streams. (2). The summarization is across the thematic dimension involving multiple data streams and the use of background knowledge as opposed to summarizations of single streams across temporal dimension (like min,max,average etc).
  • Trusted Perception Cycle: demo
    This demo helps in visualizing the perception cycle (abductive inference) and reputation values computed for weather stations over a period of six days. Various features inferred from raw sensor data using the perception cycle are depicted with different colors of the bars and height of the bar represents the reputation value of each weather station. The demo shows all the inferred features and the way in which the reputation computation converges. Main contributions include: (1) Development and formalization of perception cycle (2) Implementation of a reputation system which used beta-pdf distribution to compute trust values.
  • Sensor Discovery On Linked Data: demo
    This application provides ability to search for sensors based on location names rather than location coordinates. Main contributions include: (1) large sensor description dataset (> 20,000 weather stations) with links to "nearby" locations described in Geonames.org dataset, (2) large sensor observation dataset (> 1.7 billion triples) with links to sensor dataset, (3) both datasets openly available on LOD, (4) extend SemSOS (described above) to semantically annotate SOS GetCapabilities document with model references to Geonames locations.
  • Semantic Sensor Observation Service (MesoWest): demo
    SemSOS is an extension of SOS to allow SOS queries and access to an ontological knowledgebase. Main contributions include: (1) sensor/observation ontology based on Observations and Measurements (O&M), (2) semantic annotation of O&M and SML documents, (2) mappings and translation scripts to convert O&M and SML into RDF (and vice-versa), (3) rule-based reasoning to infer events from low-level sensor data, (4) query translation from SOS format into SPARQL.
  • Semantic Sensor Observation Service (Buckeye Traffic): demo
  • Video on the Semantic Sensor Web: demo


Related Material

Computing for Human Experience


Contact Information: Cory Henson

QR code for SSW project

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